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Padrone system
The padrone system was a contract labor system utilized by many immigrant groups to find employment in the United States, most notably Italian, but also Greeks, Chinese, Japanese, and Mexicans. The word 'padrone' is an Italian word meaning 'boss' or 'manager' when translated into English. The system was a complex network of business relationships formed to meet a growing need for skilled and unskilled workers.〔Humbert S. Nelli, "The Italian padrone system in the United States." ''Labor History'' 5.2 (1964): 153-167.〕 Padrones were labor brokers, usually immigrants or first-generation Americans themselves, who acted as middlemen between immigrant workers and employers.〔George E. Pozzetta, ''A Padrone Looks at Florida: Labor Recruiting and the Florida East Coast Railway,'' The Florida Historical Quarterly vol. 54, no. 1 (July 1975),75.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Immigration: Italian: Working Across the Country )〕
Transoceanic travel became more efficient and less expensive due to introduction of the steamship in the 1860s. This made enticements by labor agents attractive to individuals who were looking for better wages, but did not want to make The United States their permanent home.〔Fitzgerald, Patrick Fitzgerald and Brian Lambkin, ''Migration in Irish History, 1607-2007,'' (New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2008), 193, 200.〕 In the U.S., these 'birds of passage' were employed in growth areas nationwide where the local labor force was too small. They worked for mining and railroad companies and agribusinesses, dug canals, and raised livestock. The system died out after the First World War interrupted the flow of immigrants from Europe, and was virtually extinct by 1930.
==Negative and positive images==
Harney reexamines the negative image of the padrone system, in which immigrants are viewed practically as powerless slaves. This image relies on the assumption that the immigrants – especially men from southern Italy were too stupid to understand what was happening and to ignorant to learn from the many immigrants who had already returned to their village. In reality, Harney argues, padrones were both exploiters and helpful patrons of the immigrants. They provided jobs the immigrants would not otherwise find. They provided housing, food and transportation to the highest paying jobs available the padrone could discover. They were the spokesmen and advocates for the immigrants versus the police and local authorities, and prevented them from being exploited by the company that hired them. Padrones served as the cultural link to Italy. They facilitated letters, the sending of money back to the families, and arranging transportation back when the term of employment was over. The padrone was paid for his services, taking money both from the immigrant and from the employer. Complaints that some took too much money led to criticism for "exploitation."〔Robert F. Harney, "The Padrone and the Immigrant," ''Canadian Review of American Studies'' (1974) 5#2 pp 101-118 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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